Monday, August 10, 2009

Sunday, August 2, 2009

Revista Ideele- Honduras en honduras

Recién graduada de Estudios Internacionales por el Boston College, Lucía Benavides ha preparado un reportaje para ideele sobre lo que significa y ha desencadenado el condenable golpe de Honduras. En él presenta las opiniones de destacados analistas y las suyas, a pesar de lo incierto que resulta aún el desenlace. De lo que sí estamos seguros es de que la buena o mala suerte de este golpe no solo repercutirá en el país en cuestión sino también en la definición de la democracia latinoamericana del siglo XXI.

Recordemos una vez más una escena antes tan frecuente en nuestros países pero que desde hace un buen tiempo parecía ya imposible: La madrugada del pasado 28 de junio, más de doscientos miembros de las Fuerzas Armadas hondureñas rodearon la residencia del presidente Manuel Zelaya en Tegucigalpa y lo obligaron a abordar un avión rumbo a Costa Rica. Las imágenes que circularon por los medios de comunicación internacionales hacían eco de las peores épocas de las dictaduras latinoamericanas, subrayando la ilegitimidad de Roberto Micheletti, el presidente interino nombrado por el Congreso. Mientras se escriben estas líneas, Zelaya y Micheletti negocian el futuro de su país bajo la mediación de Óscar Arias —presidente de Costa Rica y Premio Nobel de la Paz—. Ambos argumentan que actúan en defensa de la democracia.

La Organización de Estados Americanos (OEA) y las Naciones Unidas (ONU) rompieron esquemas al, enfática y casi unánimemente, condenar el golpe. Paradójicamente, Barack Obama y Hugo Chávez se encontraron defendiendo la misma posición mientras los hondureños permanecían divididos en sus opiniones, marchando en favor y en contra del destituido presidente Zelaya.

Hay golpes y golpes

Es evidente que lo que ocurrió el 28 de junio no es una “sustitución constitucional”, ya que en ninguna parte de la Constitución hondureña se otorga a las Fuerzas Armadas el poder de destituir a un Presidente. Las alegaciones en contra de Zelaya serían más fuertes si éste las hubiera enfrentado en una Corte hondureña y no en el aeropuerto de San José.
Los sucesos del 28 de junio tampoco se asemejan a un golpe clásico, ya que fue una decisión de los poderes democráticos: el Presidente había violado la Constitución y, aunque fue llevada a cabo por las Fuerzas Armadas, no culminó en un gobierno militar. Shifter lo caracteriza como un “golpe con características particulares”.

Adrianzén lo describe como el primer golpe preventivo contra un Gobierno supuestamente “chavista” o “populista”, el primer golpe de la nueva Guerra Fría en Latinoamérica. “Honduras”, dice Adrianzén, “es una hacienda […] un régimen cerrado oligárquico, y alguien que lo quiera cambiar es rápidamente golpeado.” La crisis es “un debate entre las reglas y la voluntad de la mayoría”.

Un golpe militar no puede ser justificado, menos en un país que estuvo bajo un gobierno militar hasta 1982. Según Shif-ter, la comunidad internacional actuó bien moral y jurídicamente al adoptar una posición tan severa contra del golpe del 28 de junio. Es políticamente alentador que tantos países hayan defendido la democracia y la institucionalidad a pesar de diferencias y rivalidades geopolíticas.

Sin embargo, la comunidad internacional subestimó el efecto polarizante de sus declaraciones iniciales. El 30 de junio, miles de personas se reunieron en la Plaza de Tegucigalpa para demostrar su apoyo al golpe. El 5 de julio, más de 10.000 personas esperaron el regreso de Zelaya en el aeropuerto internacional Toncotín y se enfrentaron a las Fuerzas Armadas, dejando docenas de heridos y causando por lo menos una muerte.
El Gobierno de Micheletti respondió a esta escalada de violencia declarando un toque de queda, limitando la libertad de prensa y suspendiendo temporalmente derechos básicos como la libertad de asociación y de movimiento, y la protección contra las detenciones arbitrarias. Estas medidas ya han sido derogadas.

Zelaya carece de apoyo entre la clase política y hasta dentro de su propio partido. Los partidos Liberal y Nacional —que tienen el apoyo del 90% del electorado hondureño—, la Iglesia Católica y los empresarios no se han sumado a la condena internacional del golpe. Según un sondeo de Cid Gallup difundido el 9 de julio, 41% de la población justifica el golpe, 28% se opone a él y 31% no opina.

Pero ¿qué diferencia a este golpe de los ocurridos en Ecuador, Venezuela o hasta en nuestro propio país? ¿Por qué la OEA expulsó a Honduras por violar la Carta Inter-americana pero no tomó medidas similares después del autogolpe de Fujimori?

Según Michael Shifter, de Diálogo Interamericano, esto se debe al protagonismo de las Fuerzas Armadas y al contexto de creciente preocupación sobre la inestabilidad de Centroamérica después de los sucesos ocurridos en países como México, Nicaragua y Guatemala.

Chávez y sus aliados apoyaron a Zelaya con tanto fervor —declarando que lo acompañarían en su regreso a Honduras, esperando en El Salvador mientras el avión venezolano en el que viajaba trataba de aterrizar sobre una pista hondureña cubierta de tanques— porque éste había dirigido a su país hacia la órbita del ALBA.
Por su parte, el mandatario estadounidense Barack Obama condenó el golpe tratando de distanciarse de la política latinoamericana de George W. Bush, quien apoyó una medida igual en Venezuela en el 2002 porque el derrocado era Hugo Chávez.

Gino Costa —quien residió en Honduras en los años de las guerras civiles centroamericanas— añade que esta reacción internacional ha sido posible porque Honduras es un país chico con poco peso político, a diferencia de Venezuela, Ecuador, o incluso del Perú. Frente a estas críticas, Roberto Micheletti responde que en su país no ha ocurrido un golpe sino una “sustitución constitucional”.

Los odios y amores de Zelaya con la democracia

Zelaya, quien fue elegido en el 2005 como parte del Partido Liberal, se distanció de la centroizquierda y de los Estados Unidos, el tradicional aliado de Honduras, para desarrollar una relación más cercana con Hugo Chávez. En un país políticamente conservador, la alineación de los empresarios y la clase política llevó a una situación de creciente tensión y redujo la popularidad del mandatario hasta un 30%.
Esta crisis culminó cuando Zelaya propuso llevar a cabo una consulta pública para incluir un referéndum sobre reforma constitucional en las elecciones presidenciales del próximo noviembre. La oposición argumenta que esta consulta seguiría el modelo de Hugo Chávez y sería empleada por Zelaya para posibilitar su reelección cuando termine su mandato de cuatro años no renovables. Alberto Adrianzén descarta estas afirmaciones y señala que un referéndum que se realizaría el día de las elecciones no podría llevar a la reelección del Presidente ese mismo día.

La Corte Suprema y el Congreso declararon la consulta ilegal. Desafiando a los poderes democráticos, Zelaya siguió insistiendo y despidió al Jefe de las Fuerzas Armadas cuando éste se negó a prestar apoyo logístico para la consulta. Horas antes de que ésta se llevara a cabo, el 28 de junio, los militares arrestaron a Zelaya y lo expulsaron del país.

¿Y ahora qué?

Costa afirma que el pronunciamiento de la comunidad internacional no puede quedar en eso: ella tiene que hacerse respetar. Pero, se pregunta Costa, “¿cómo te haces respetar por un Gobierno integrado por fuerzas políticas amigas que han actuado mal al recurrir al golpe de Estado?”.

El gran problema de las negociaciones que está moderando Arias es que éste es un golpe con características particulares, en el que el Ejército, apoyado por los poderes democráticos, derrocó inconstitucionalmente a un Presidente que estaba socavando las bases de la democracia por dentro del sistema. Las acciones de Zelaya y de Micheletti constituyen amenazas para la democracia a largo o corto plazo.

Las negociaciones mediadas por Arias son un esfuerzo para hacer precisamente eso. La secretaria de Estado estadounidense, Hillary Clinton, logró hábilmente restarle protagonismo a Chávez y así tranquilizar a las élites hondureñas al apoyar un diálogo entre centroamericanos. Adrianzén se opone a estas negociaciones argumentando que le dan a Micheletti un estatus que no tiene.

Zelaya y Micheletti comienzan este diálogo con posiciones incompatibles. El último ha declarado que el retorno del primero no es negociable; Zelaya ha afirmado que no está yendo a negociar sino a escuchar propuestas de retiro del Gobierno de facto.

Las soluciones propuestas incluyen el regreso de Zelaya a la Presidencia, el mantenimiento del statu quo, el adelantamiento de las elecciones, o una especie de Gobierno compartido entre Zelaya y el Congreso.

El regreso de Zelaya enfrentaría grandes retos de gobernabilidad, pues éste carece de apoyo entre las élites políticas, no tiene partido político y está enfrentado con las otras ramas del Gobierno. Dejar todo como está o el adelanto de las elecciones conllevan problemas de legitimidad del proceso electoral. El establecimiento de un Gobierno compartido entre Zelaya y la Administración actual podría ser demasiado complicado para poder gobernar efectivamente.

Paìs combustible

Honduras es el tercer país más pobre del hemisferio. Sufre de un serio problema de violencia juvenil y tiene una de las más marcadas diferencias socioeconómicas de la región, pero nunca ha sido un país tan dividido.

En esta etapa posgolpe Shifter recomienda tomar en cuenta cuestiones de gobernabilidad y violencia, además las relativas a la legitimidad. Quizá una posición más dura resultó necesaria al principio, pero el aislamiento político y el congelamiento de la ayuda internacional no fueron muy mesurados ni llevaron a la formación de acuerdos.

Las sanciones económicas y diplomáticas castigan a los más pobres: 59% de los 7,2 millones de habitantes de Honduras viven en la pobreza, y 36,2%, en la extrema pobreza. Honduras depende mucho de los programas de créditos internacionales, y solo con el congelamiento de los créditos del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha perdido 200 millones de dólares al año.
Por otro lado, Adrianzén apoya el aislamiento político de Honduras, el uso de sanciones y el regreso de Zelaya sin condiciones. Sin este tipo de presión, añade, no se hubiera podido frenar, por ejemplo, el apartheid en Sudáfrica. “Todo cambio implica cierto grado de enfrentamiento”, opina, especialmente en un “país muy conservador con una oligarquía reaccionaria y unas Fuerzas Armadas que son un poder muy fuerte y que controlan el sistema en alianza con los partidos tradicionales”.

Es todavía muy temprano para decir qué precedente deja esta crisis sobre la democracia en la región. Por un lado, es positivo que la comunidad internacional haya condenado el golpe. Sin embargo, no debemos caer en dobles estándares que permitan a gobiernos golpistas declararse defensores de la democracia porque luchan contra los golpes que derrocan a sus aliados.

Al mismo tiempo, enfatiza que “no tiene sentido contar con democracias en países empobrecidos, atrasados. La democracia requiere condiciones materiales: progreso, igualdad, y que se ponga fin a la oligarquía”. Él ve la crisis en Honduras como una oportunidad para cambiar una democracia electoral por una democracia ciudadana.

El golpe en Honduras es la crisis política más importante en Centroamérica desde el final de la Guerra Fría. Ojalá esta crisis no se convierta en una competencia de aprovechamientos políticos, ni en una proyección de rivalidades geopolíticas: que sea, más bien, una real y pragmática defensa de la democracia que tome en cuenta la situación particular y los intereses de los hondureños. Lo que está en debate es qué tipo de democracia queremos para América Latina.


http://www.revistaideele.com/node/512

Thursday, April 30, 2009

Monday, April 6, 2009

The Heights Cartoon- Event Cancelled


Forum replaces Ayers event
By: Matthew DeLuca
Posted: 4/2/09
On Monday, the students who worked to organize the canceled Bill Ayers appearance on campus conducted a forum discussion on academic freedom after a satellite video appearance by Ayers intended to eliminate safety concerns expressed by the administration was not approved by the University.

The organizers said that they wanted the event to be an opportunity for students, faculty, and administrators to talk about the event and why it was canceled. "The point of this event is really to hear from all of you, and we'll get to have a discussion about what happened and academic freedom," Michael Madormo, event organizer and A&S '09, said. He said that the event and the controversy has always been about academic freedom, not about Ayers.

Madormo said that the decision to cancel Ayers reflects on the identity of BC as an institution of higher learning. "This is not about demonizing administrators. This is about who we want to be at Boston College," he said. The organizers had tried to have the event off campus after it was canceled, Madormo said. After they were unable to find a suitable venue, they tried to have an on-campus video conference with Ayers, which was not allowed by administrators, who cited the same security threats. "In lieu of that, we decided to have this event and focus on academic freedom," Madormo said.

Rhick Bose, event organizer and A&S '09, said that there were larger university issues at stake than the singular Ayers event. "The Bill Ayers event is just one stroke of the pen of events that have been canceled over the years." He cited the GLBTQ Leadership Council (GLC) dance canceled in 2006. The University said at that time that the dance was canceled due to a conflict between the event and the University's Catholic values.

"It used to be Jesuit-Catholic issues and values at BC, and now it's about security," Bose said. "They cancel for Jesuit-Catholic doctrine or because of security, or because they just don't like it. We can't allow politics to determine the intellectual discourse here at BC."

Ken Kersch, professor of political science and director of the Clough Center for the Study of Constitutional Democracy, said that he had agreed to co-sponsor the event before it was canceled, and that he has continued to do so. "I'm mainly here to tell you that I agreed on behalf of the center to co-sponsor this talk," he said. "I vehemently object to the University's decision to cancel it."

Kersch said that when he took control of the center, of which he is the founding director, he was told by the University to present diverse views and host different viewpoints. He said that the center has hosted a variety of noted conservatives and moderate liberals, and that he thought Ayers was appropriate. "When I was asked about this event I said, 'We're ending the year, what about the left?'" Kersch said. "He was here to bring balance and diverse ideas."

Students shared a variety on opinions, both on the original decision to host Ayers on campus, as well as the University's decision to cancel the original on-campus event as well as not to host the video conference.

"As soon as I found out Bill Ayers was coming to campus, it got my blood going a bit," one student said.

"Some people who are attending right now might think this is a referendum on Bill Ayers, but it seemed to me that our facilitators made it fairly clear to me that this is no longer a referendum on Bill Ayers," another said.

A student said that he was angry to think that a group of alumni or Brighton residents had exerted pressure on the University to shut down the event. "What we're really talking about is the quality of our education. I didn't want this education to be dictated by radio hosts, or a certain group of alumni, or the Board of Trustees." He said that students should take stock of their own education after the cancelation of the event and examine why they are at BC.

"I do not like alumni speaking for us just because they have deeper pockets than us," another student said.

The organizers wrote the e-mail addresses of Donald Hafner, vice provost of undergraduate affairs, Karl Bell, assistant dean of student development, Vice President of Student Affairs Patrick Rombalski, and Provost Cutberto Garza on the blackboard, and said that they are people students should contact if they are concerned about speech and speakers on campus.

"My only concern is that I do not feel that random e-mails will be as effective as action," a student said. "Is there anything we can do to harness this energy?"

"We'll coordinate our efforts a bit better," Bose said.

"You have to make it clear to the students who are coming here that freedom of speech really doesn't exist at Boston College," a student said.

Charles Derber, professor of sociology, said that the decision to cancel the event is linked to how the University understands and defines academic freedom, a definition that he said students are not a part of. "They define it as a prerogative of faculty. You are being excluded from the definition of academic freedom by virtue of your status as a student," he said. "Many important student-initiated events have been shut down by the University."

He said, however, that his sense is that much of the faculty, and some administrators, sympathize with the students. "You do have a faculty who really has deep concerns about this issue," Derber said. "If I were a student here, I would make noise about why I am being excluded from academic freedom."

Madormo said that he and the other organizers were pleased with the outcome of the event. "I guess I am overwhelmingly pleased with the event," he said. "I'm ecstatic."

He said that he would have liked to have seen more faculty members present but that time constraints made it difficult to spread the word. He said that the group of organizers intended to continue to raise the issues of free speech and academic freedom expressed at the event. "We are going to be action oriented," he said. © Copyright 2009 The Heights

http://www.bcheights.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=23e22536-5455-46c0-8c6a-9ab8ee0d39c1

Thursday, March 26, 2009

The Heights Cartoon- BC Israel Apartheid Week


About Israeli Apartheid Week

Israeli Apartheid Week (IAW) is an annual international series of events held in cities and campuses across the globe. The aim of IAW is to educate people about the nature of Israel as an apartheid system and to build Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) campaigns as part of a growing global BDS movement.

Israeli Apartheid Week (IAW) took place in more than 40 cities across the globe. IAW 2009 happened in the wake of Israel's barbaric assault on the people of Gaza. Lectures, films, and actions made the point that these latest massacres further confirm the true nature of Israeli Apartheid. IAW 2009 continued to build and strengthen the growing Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement at a global level.

Join us in making 2009 a year of struggle against apartheid and for justice, equality, and peace.

Boston

This is the first annual Apartheid Week in Boston, We are excited to have Boston College students and University of Massachusetts Boston students hosting events at their schools. We have many other colleges and community groups planning events. Apartheid Awareness weeks are taking place in more than 40 cities across the globe (the number of cities is growing daily). This year, IAW happens in the wake of Israel's barbaric assault on the people of Gaza. There is a full week of lecture, stand outs and other events throughout the Boston area. See http://boston.apartheidweek.org/ for program. See http://www.itisapartheid.org/getthefacts for fact sheets on Israeli Apartheid.

http://boston.apartheidweek.org/en/about

Thursday, March 19, 2009

The Armenian Weekly- Viaje a Armenia!

Birthright Armenia Supports Spring Break Alternatives
By Contributor • on March 18, 2009 •


A five-person team of students from Boston College (BC) is back on campus in Massachusetts, absorbing all that just transpired during their whirlwind spring break. This year, instead of going on the cliché tropical vacation to Florida with college friends, or just going home for a relaxing break from school, the group opted for a service trip to Armenia.
The children of SOS Children’s Village working on an art project with the BC volunteers.

The children of SOS Children’s Village working on an art project with the BC volunteers.

What started out, or so they thought, as an impossible concept to pull off, actually resulted in one of the most rewarding experiences of their lives. Brittany Kademian, the leader of the team and president of the BC Armenian Club, admits, “At the end of the day, there are no words to describe our experience in Armenia. We all went on this trip more excited about traveling to Armenia and experiencing the culture than the service component, but we left with such richer experiences than we could have ever imagined.”

Planning and organizing this trip took a great deal of time and hard work, but their persistence paid off. Kademian spread the word to both Armenian and non-Armenian members of the Armenian Students Association who were interested in service trips, rounded up four more fellow students who were committed to the trip, and started to actively fundraise the money required to afford the trip. In addition to Kademian, group members included Mark Buttweiler, Andrea Zeytoonian, Brandon Spears, and Lucia Benavides.

Everything from bake sales to letter-writing campaigns, fundraiser dinners, and more were organized, and the group was constantly coming up with new ways to pay for their trip. Yet, they faced a challenge when it came to the issue of what organization to work with once in Armenia and what type of service to do. Kademian reports, “Our group was open to everything, but we were having a hard time finding a worthwhile group with whom to volunteer.”
BC students Andrea Zeytoonian and Brittany Kademian enjoy a full day of play activities with the children of SOS Children’s Village in Abovian.

BC students Andrea Zeytoonian and Brittany Kademian enjoy a full day of play activities with the children of SOS Children’s Village in Abovian.

Luckily the group was put in touch with Birthright Armenia, who welcomed their spring break initiative with open arms. “We commend Brittany and her BC colleagues for being pioneers. I am sure this experience will open the gates to many other groups of students and ASA teams to choose Armenia as a spring break destination,” says Sevan Kabakian, country director for the organization in Armenia. “It’s all about imagining a wider set of possibilities, expanding the boundaries, thinking beyond the cliché destinations, and redefining what having fun can mean,” he added.

The Birthright staff was more than amenable to assist with logistics, arrange homestays, and organize a detailed itinerary of day-to-day activities and community service to offer the group a taste of both city and rural life, combined with cultural and historical sites, and a look at how the people live. SOS Children’s Village in Abovian and Our Lady of Armenia Orphanage in Gyumri were just two sites where the group members worked, teaching English and initiating other learning activities with the children. In addition, to round out their trip, they were invited to join in on Armenian language classes, attend Armenian dance class, and socialize with the group of Birthright volunteers already living and working in Armenia.

“Going on this trip not only gave us a better understanding of another culture and its people, but inspired us all to want to do more service in the future. A spring break such as ours which was used to help others not only helped the local people, but also allowed us to experience others’ perspectives and culture, helping us to grow from this trip and make us into better people for the future,” Kademian added.

Birthright Armenia’s mission is to strengthen ties between the homeland and diasporan youth by affording them an opportunity to be a part of Armenia’s daily life and to contribute to Armenia’s development through work, study and volunteer experiences, while developing a renewed sense of Armenian identity. For more information, visit www.birthrightarmenia.org.

http://www.hairenik.com/weekly/2009/03/18/birthright-armenia-supports-spring-break-alternatives/?ec3_listing=posts

Monday, March 16, 2009

The Heights Cartoon- Happy St. Paddy's!



BBC NEWS
Policeman shot dead in N Ireland

A policeman has been murdered in Northern Ireland just 48 hours after two soldiers were shot by the Real IRA in Antrim.

The shooting happened on Monday night at Lismore Manor, Craigavon, County Armagh, at about 2145 GMT, police said.

Police were responding to a call for help from a distressed woman. Two police vehicles went to the scene.

As officers got out, shots were fired, one man was hit in the head and died later. He was married with children.

Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde called it a "sad day" for Northern Ireland's force and said the gunmen were "criminal psychopaths".

"It reminds us that a small group of people determined to wreck what is a huge political progress are becoming more dangerous," he said.

Prime Minister Gordon Brown has condemned the murderers and insisted there would be "no return to the old days" in Northern Ireland.

"These are murderers who are trying to distort, disrupt and destroy a political process that is working for the people of Northern Ireland," he said.

Mr Brown, who travelled to Northern Ireland on Monday to visit the scene of the two soldiers' murders in Antrim, said gunmen would "never be allowed to undermine the political process".

This is the first murder of a police officer in NI since 1998. Constable Frank O'Reilly was killed by a loyalist blast bomb during disturbances linked to the Drumcree dispute in 1998.

HAVE YOUR SAY These events show that the peace process is still under threat E Breen, Chelmsford

The last police officers murdered by republicans, RUC constables Roland John Graham and David Andrew Johnston, were shot dead by the IRA in Lurgan, County Armagh in June 1997.

The man who died last night was the first PSNI officer to have been murdered by paramilitaries since the force was formed in 2001.

Dissident republicans tried to kill two PSNI officers in shootings in Derry and Dungannon in November 2007.

They have also been linked to a booby trap bomb which exploded under a police officer's car in Spamount, County Tyrone in May 2008.

Politicians from all parties condemned Monday's killing, which Northern Ireland Secretary Shaun Woodward insisted would not damage the peace process.

The chief constable said it was too early to identify the killers.

"We are used to being attacked, but we will not step back," Sir Hugh said.

"This will not put off me or my officers delivering the service we do to the communities we are paid to protect."

Asked if the killing was linked to the soldiers' shooting at the weekend, Sir Hugh said: "I think you are giving (the attackers) credit they ill deserve.

"I think these are disparate groups, badly infiltrated and indeed many awaiting trial north and south of the border.

"It just reminds us that a small group of people determined to wreck what is huge political progress are becoming more dangerous."

Mr Woodward said: "It may be that this small number of criminals do regrettably have the capacity, at the moment, to take away life, but what they will never have is the capacity to take away from people the peace process and the political progress that's been made.

"My job and every politician's job in Northern Ireland is to give the people of Northern Ireland what they want, which is freedom, the rule of law and democracy - and we will do that."

The first and deputy first ministers have again postponed an investment visit to the US following the murder.

In the weekend attack, Sappers Mark Quinsey, 23, from Birmingham and Patrick Azimkar, 21, from London, were shot dead at Massereene Army base, Antrim.

The soldiers were killed as they accepted a pizza delivery at about 2120 GMT on Saturday.

Four other people, including two pizza delivery men - Anthony Watson, 19, from Antrim, and a Polish man in his 30s - were injured in the attack.
Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7933990.stm

Published: 2009/03/10 08:06:54 GMT

© BBC MMIX